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Interesting clip, here is a perspective from my IT-savvy son, who also =
likes old simple stuff like Healeys:
=20
=E2=80=9CInteresting for sure. Technology is weird in that the R&D is so =
expensive, but the 'magic' then becomes very inexpensive at scale. So =
features that are considered premium and costly are only so for a short =
time, then they are standard and inexpensive. This puts the auto =
industry on a similar treadmill as other tech industries, where the =
consumer appetite and expectation of novelty becomes a formula the =
industry needs to solve both technically and financially.=E2=80=9D
=20
=E2=80=9CWariness of "millions of lines of code" is a bit silly though. =
The rest of the world has been largely governed by software for decades. =
I couldn't guess how many 'lines of code' are executed for a single =
stock trade or eBay purchase. This is just auto catching up. Mechanics =
are, to most people, wizards who make the vehicle work; which will =
continue to be true. It's just that we will now have an additional order =
of that clergy to minister to the flashy bits too.=E2=80=9D
=20
=20
From: Healeys <healeys-bounces@autox.team.net> On Behalf Of llennep--- =
via Healeys
Sent: July 9, 2021 3:05 PM
To: healeys@autox.team.net
Subject: [Healeys] Another sign that we are all doomed not Healey
=20
=20
-------------------------------------------------------------------------=
-----------
=20
=20
=20
How Software Is Eating the Car
The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will add hundreds of =
millions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry cope?
By <https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n-charette> Robert N. =
Charette
Predictions of lost global vehicle production caused by the =
<https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-shortag=
e-got-so-bad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix> ongoing semiconductor shortage =
continue to rise. In January, =
<https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/world-s-biggest-aut=
omakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-up-121032400488_1.html> =
analysts forecast that 1.5 million fewer vehicles would be produced as a =
result of the shortage; by April that =
<https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-shortage=
-pickups-taking-bigger-hits> number had steadily climbed to more than =
2.7 million units, and by May, to =
<https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/plants-big-worry-missing-demand-b=
ecause-chip-crisis> more than 4.1 million units.
The semiconductor shortage has underscored not only the =
<https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-chain-ins=
/auto-industry-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-shortages-=
disrupt-supply-chains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW> fragility of the automotive supply =
chain, but placed an intense spotlight on the auto industry=E2=80=99s =
reliance on the dozens of concealed computers embedded throughout =
vehicles today.
=E2=80=9CNo other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change =
as the auto industry,=E2=80=9D says Zoran Filipi, Chair of the =
Department of Automotive Engineering at <https://cuicar.com/> Clemson =
University=E2=80=99s International Center for Automotive Research. =
=E2=80=9CThis is driven by the need to address impending, evermore =
stringent CO2 and criteria emission regulations, while sustaining =
unprecedented rate of progress with development of automation and =
infotainment, and meeting the customer expectations regarding =
performance, comfort, and utility.=E2=80=9D=20
The coming years will see even greater change, as more auto =
manufacturers =
<https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-timeline=
/> commit to phasing out their internal combustion engine (ICE) powered =
vehicles to meet =
<https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/growing-momentum-global-ov=
erview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sales-of-new-internal-combus=
tion-engine-vehicles/> global climate-change targets by =
<https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric-cars-trucks/=
> replacing them with electric vehicles (EVs) that will eventually be =
<https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-autonomous-drivin=
g-explained> capable of autonomous operation.
The past decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid =
progress it has made, as well as where it is heading.
=E2=80=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines =
the value of a car,=E2=80=9D notes Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of =
informatics at <https://www.tum.de/en/> Technical University, Munich =
and a leading expert on software in automobiles. =E2=80=9CThe success of =
a car depends on its software much more than the mechanical =
side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle innovations by auto manufacturers, or =
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) as they are called by industry =
insiders, are now tied to software, he says.
=
<https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on-code> =
Ten years ago, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based =
electronic control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, =
executing 100 million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like =
the BMW 7-series with advanced technology like =
<https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31880412/adas/> advanced =
driver-assist systems (ADAS) =
<https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-units-deve=
lopment-innovations-mechanical-to-electronics> may contain 150 ECUs or =
more, while pick-up trucks like =
<https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/01/13/guess-what-requires-15=
0-million-lines-of-code/> Ford=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 million lines of =
code. Even low-end vehicles are quickly approaching 100 ECUs and 100 =
million of lines of code as more features that were once considered =
luxury options, such as =
<https://www.motortrend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/> adaptive =
cruise control and =
<https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/> automatic =
emergency braking, are becoming standard.
Additional safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like =
<https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-control/>=
electronic stability control, =
<https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-required-backup-cameras/story?id=3D=
54854404> backup cameras, and =
<https://etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-on-new-c=
ar-models/#:~:text=3DAutomated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCall)%2520=
now%2520mandatory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%252C%252=
02018&text=3DAll%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520event%2520of%2=
520a%2520collision.&text=3DThe%2520system%2520was%2520launched%2520on%252=
0Android%2520phones%2520in%25202016.> automatic emergency calling =
(eCall) in the EU, as well as more =
<https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Euro6-VI_brief=
ing_jun2016.pdf> stringent emission standards that ICE vehicles =
<https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary/how-software-in-auto=
mobiles-helps-curb-pollution> can only meet using yet more innovative =
electronics and software, have further driven ECU and software =
proliferation.
Consulting firm <https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html> Deloitte =
Touche Tohmatsu Limited estimates that as of 2017, some =
<https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/technology-m=
edia-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wave-en-1=
90422.pdf> 40% of the cost of a new car can be attributed to =
semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost doubling since 2007. It =
estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The company further =
predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of semiconductors =
packed into it, =
<https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-general-=
motors-mercedes.html> consisting of up to 3,000 chips of all types.
Totaling the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the =
intricate electronic orchestration and software choreography found in =
vehicles today. By observing how they perform together, the =
extraordinary complexity that is meant to be invisible from a =
driver=E2=80=99s perspective begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, =
performance and entertainment features, the commercial imperative to =
offer scores of options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity of =
variants for each make and model, and the shift from gasoline and human =
drivers to electric and artificially intelligent drivers and the =
hundreds of millions of lines of new code that will need to be written, =
checked, debugged and secured against hackers, are making cars into =
supercomputers on wheels and forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can =
it?=20
Features and Variants Drive Complexity
The drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and =
entertainment features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances =
to mobile computing centers. Instead of racks of servers and high-speed =
optical interconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate data =
throughout the vehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of =
millions of lines code that run every time to you go to the grocery =
store.
=20
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=3DEN-CA link=3Dblue =
vlink=3Dpurple style=3D'word-wrap:break-word'><div =
class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>Interesting clip,=C2=A0 here is a =
perspective from my IT-savvy son, who also likes old simple stuff like =
Healeys:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>=E2=80=9CInteresting for sure. Technology is weird in =
that the R&D is so expensive, but the 'magic' then becomes very =
inexpensive at scale. So features that are considered premium and costly =
are only so for a short time, then they are standard and =
inexpensive. This puts the auto industry on a similar treadmill as other =
tech industries, where the consumer appetite and expectation of =
novelty becomes a formula the industry needs to solve both technically =
and financially.=E2=80=9D<o:p></o:p></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal>=E2=80=9CWariness of "millions of lines of =
code" is a bit silly though. The rest of the world has been largely =
governed by software for decades. I couldn't guess how many 'lines =
of code' are executed for a single stock trade or eBay purchase. =
This is just auto catching up. Mechanics are, to most people, wizards =
who make the vehicle work; which will continue to be true. It's just =
that we will now have an additional order of that clergy to =
minister to the flashy bits too.=E2=80=9D<o:p></o:p></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div =
style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm =
0cm 0cm'><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span =
lang=3DEN-US>From:</span></b><span lang=3DEN-US> Healeys =
<healeys-bounces@autox.team.net> <b>On Behalf Of </b>llennep--- =
via Healeys<br><b>Sent:</b> July 9, 2021 3:05 PM<br><b>To:</b> =
healeys@autox.team.net<br><b>Subject:</b> [Healeys] Another sign that we =
are all doomed not Healey<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:=
p> </o:p></span></p><div><div id=3Dyiv6850861807><div><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
>------------------------------------------------------------------------=
------------<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><h1 align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;ma=
rgin-left:0cm;text-align:center;line-height:31.5pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:30.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black;font=
-weight:normal'>How Software Is Eating the Car<o:p></o:p></span></h1><h2 =
align=3Dcenter =
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:7.5pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.5pt;ma=
rgin-left:0cm;text-align:center'><span =
style=3D'font-size:19.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black;font-we=
ight:normal'>The trend toward self-driving and electric vehicles will =
add hundreds of millions of lines of code to cars. Can the auto industry =
cope?<o:p></o:p></span></h2><div style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid =
#E24C2D 3.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm =
0cm;margin-top:12.0pt;margin-bottom:12.0pt;max-width:100%'><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>By&=
nbsp;<a href=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/author/robert-n-charette"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Robert N. =
Charette</span></a></span><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:=
p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div =
id=3Dyiv6850861807ydp7d8f668blog-inner><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Predic=
tions of lost global vehicle production caused by the <a =
href=3D"https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-Spotlight/How-the-chip-=
shortage-got-so-bad-and-why-it-s-so-hard-to-fix" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>ongoing semiconductor =
shortage</span></a> continue to rise. In January, <a =
href=3D"https://www.business-standard.com/article/automobile/world-s-bigg=
est-automakers-suspend-operations-as-chip-supplies-dry-up-121032400488_1.=
html" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>analysts =
forecast</span></a> that 1.5 million fewer vehicles would be =
produced as a result of the shortage; by April that <a =
href=3D"https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/latest-numbers-microchip-s=
hortage-pickups-taking-bigger-hits" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>number had steadily climbed</span></a> to =
more than 2.7 million units, and by May, to <a =
href=3D"https://www.autonews.com/manufacturing/plants-big-worry-missing-d=
emand-because-chip-crisis" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>more than 4.1 million =
units</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
semiconductor shortage has underscored not only the <a =
href=3D"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autos-semiconductors-supply-ch=
ain-ins/auto-industry-rethinks-cost-cutting-playbook-as-covid-19-chip-sho=
rtages-disrupt-supply-chains-idUSKBN2BO4ZW" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>fragility of the automotive supply =
chain</span></a>, but placed an intense spotlight on the auto =
industry=E2=80=99s reliance on the dozens of concealed computers =
embedded throughout vehicles today.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>=E2=80=
=9CNo other industry is undergoing as rapid technological change as the =
auto industry,=E2=80=9D says Zoran Filipi, Chair of the Department =
of Automotive Engineering at <a href=3D"https://cuicar.com/"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Clemson =
University=E2=80=99s International Center for Automotive =
Research</span></a>. =E2=80=9CThis is driven by the need to address =
impending, evermore stringent CO</span><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>2</spa=
n><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'> =
and criteria emission regulations, while sustaining unprecedented rate =
of progress with development of automation and infotainment, and meeting =
the customer expectations regarding performance, comfort, and =
utility.=E2=80=9D <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
coming years will see even greater change, as more auto =
manufacturers <a =
href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g35562831/ev-plans-automakers-t=
imeline/" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>commit</span></a> to phasing out their =
internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles to meet <a =
href=3D"https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/growing-momentum-gl=
obal-overview-of-government-targets-for-phasing-out-sales-of-new-internal=
-combustion-engine-vehicles/" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>global climate-change =
targets</span></a> by <a =
href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/news/g29994375/future-electric-cars-=
trucks/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>replacing them =
with electric vehicles</span></a> (EVs) that will eventually =
be <a =
href=3D"https://www.jdpower.com/cars/shopping-guides/levels-of-autonomous=
-driving-explained" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>capable of autonomous =
operation</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
past decade of ICE vehicle development illustrates the rapid progress it =
has made, as well as where it is heading.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black;border:=
solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0cm'><img border=3D0 width=3D100 =
height=3D100 style=3D'width:1.0416in;height:1.0416in' =
id=3D"Picture_x0020_1" src=3D"cid:~WRD0002.jpg" alt=3D"Image removed by =
sender. Chart titled Vehicle production shortfall due to chip =
shortage."></span><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'><o:p><=
/o:p></span></p><div style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>=E2=80=
=9COnce, software was a part of the car. Now, software determines the =
value of a car,=E2=80=9D notes Manfred Broy, emeritus professor of =
informatics at <a href=3D"https://www.tum.de/en/"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Technical =
University</span></a>, Munich and a leading expert on software in =
automobiles. =E2=80=9CThe success of a car depends on its software =
much more than the mechanical side.=E2=80=9D Nearly all vehicle =
innovations by auto manufacturers, or original equipment manufacturers =
(OEMs) as they are called by industry insiders, are now tied to =
software, he says.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'><a =
href=3D"https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/systems/this-car-runs-on=
-code" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Ten years =
ago</span></a>, only premium cars contained 100 microprocessor-based =
electronic control units (ECUs) networked throughout the body of a car, =
executing 100 million lines of code or more. Today, high-end cars like =
the BMW 7-series with advanced technology like <a =
href=3D"https://www.caranddriver.com/research/a31880412/adas/"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>advanced driver-assist =
systems</span></a> (ADAS) <a =
href=3D"https://www.embitel.com/blog/embedded-blog/automotive-control-uni=
ts-development-innovations-mechanical-to-electronics" =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>may =
contain</span></a> 150 ECUs or more, while pick-up trucks =
like <a =
href=3D"https://cmte.ieee.org/futuredirections/2016/01/13/guess-what-requ=
ires-150-million-lines-of-code/" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>Ford=E2=80=99s F-150 top 150 million lines of =
code</span></a>. Even low-end vehicles are quickly approaching =
100 ECUs and 100 million of lines of code as more features =
that were once considered luxury options, such as <a =
href=3D"https://www.motortrend.com/news/adaptive-cruise-control/"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>adaptive cruise =
control</span></a> and <a =
href=3D"https://www.motortrend.com/news/automatic-emergency-braking/"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>automatic emergency =
braking</span></a>, are becoming =
standard.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Additi=
onal safety features that have been mandated since 2010 like <a =
href=3D"https://mycardoeswhat.org/safety-features/electronic-stability-co=
ntrol/" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>electronic =
stability control,</span></a> <a =
href=3D"https://abcnews.go.com/US/cars-us-now-required-backup-cameras/sto=
ry?id=3D54854404" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>backup =
cameras</span></a>, and <a =
href=3D"https://etsc.eu/automated-emergency-calling-ecall-now-mandatory-o=
n-new-car-models/#:~:text=3DAutomated%2520emergency%2520calling%2520(eCal=
l)%2520now%2520mandatory%2520on%2520new%2520car%2520models,-April%25203%2=
52C%25202018&text=3DAll%2520new%2520models%2520of%2520car,the%2520eve=
nt%2520of%2520a%2520collision.&text=3DThe%2520system%2520was%2520laun=
ched%2520on%2520Android%2520phones%2520in%25202016." =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>automatic emergency =
calling (eCall)</span></a> in the EU, as well as more <a =
href=3D"https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_Euro6-V=
I_briefing_jun2016.pdf" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>stringent emission standards</span></a> that =
ICE vehicles <a =
href=3D"https://autotechreview.com/opinion/guest-commentary/how-software-=
in-automobiles-helps-curb-pollution" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>can only meet</span></a> using yet more =
innovative electronics and software, have further driven ECU and =
software proliferation.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Consul=
ting firm <a href=3D"https://www2.deloitte.com/global/en.html"; =
target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu =
Limited</span></a> estimates that as of 2017, some <a =
href=3D"https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/cn/Documents/techn=
ology-media-telecommunications/deloitte-cn-tmt-semiconductors-the-next-wa=
ve-en-190422.pdf" target=3D"_blank"><span style=3D'color:black'>40% of =
the cost of a new car</span></a> can be attributed to =
semiconductor-based electronic systems, a cost doubling since 2007. It =
estimates this total will approach 50% by 2030. The company further =
predicts that each new car today has about $600 worth of semiconductors =
packed into it, <a =
href=3D"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/business/auto-semiconductors-g=
eneral-motors-mercedes.html" target=3D"_blank"><span =
style=3D'color:black'>consisting of up to 3,000 =
chips</span></a> of all types.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>Totali=
ng the number of ECUs and lines of software only hints at the intricate =
electronic orchestration and software choreography found in vehicles =
today. By observing how they perform together, the extraordinary =
complexity that is meant to be invisible from a driver=E2=80=99s =
perspective begins to emerge. New safety, comfort, performance and =
entertainment features, the commercial imperative to offer scores of =
options to buyers resulting in a multiplicity of variants for each make =
and model, and the shift from gasoline and human drivers to electric and =
artificially intelligent drivers and the hundreds of millions of lines =
of new code that will need to be written, checked, debugged and secured =
against hackers, are making cars into supercomputers on wheels and =
forcing the auto industry to adapt. But can =
it? <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><h3 style=3D'margin-top:0cm'><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#5A5A5A;font-weight:normal'=
>Features and Variants =
Drive Complexity<o:p></o:p></span></h3><div =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'line-height:18.75pt'><span =
style=3D'font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:black'>The =
drive over the last two decades to provide more safety and entertainment =
features has transformed automobiles from mere conveyances to mobile =
computing centers. Instead of racks of servers and high-speed =
optical interconnects, ECUs and wiring harnesses communicate data =
throughout the vehicle and beyond. And then there are the 10s of =
millions of lines code that run every time to you go to the grocery =
store.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:black'=
><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>
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