©By: John T. Blair (WA4OHZ) 1133 Chatmoss Dr., Va. Beach, Va. 23464; (757) 495-8229 Originally written: circa 1989 Last update: Jan 31, 2006 - added pictures of the various tools and changed some of the wording. So, you need some tools and are wondering what to buy. The answer depends on what you plan on doing with the tools. If you are just looking for some tools for small odd jobs around the house, or some very occasional work on the car, you can get by with a very small collection of tools. Most people who work around the house have some sort of small tool collection (usually stored in a shoe box or a kitchen drawer) consisting of a couple of screwdrivers, an adjustable wrench, a pair of pliers and a hammer. Or do you to have some tools kicking around in the back of the car, just incase. In recent years many companies have come out with some very nice sets of tools in plastic cases for between $40 and $100. These are great for occasional use. In fact, I have a small set in my daily drivers (89 & 95 Voyager, and 95 Taurus). If you plan on doing some maintenance on your car like working on the brakes, tune ups, changing the oil, or restore a car takes a little more than one of the generic tool sets. But you'd be surprised what you can do with a good set of hand tools. You don't need a lot of big ticket items. If you don't already have a good tool collection - you'd better start building your collection of tools to fill a tool box or go find a different hobby. Don't be scared off by the last statement. You don't have to go out and drop several thousands of dollars to get started. With this in mind, I thought I'd discuss getting a tool collection together, for those people that are just coming into the automobile hobby or are finally deciding to try to do some of the work on their cars themselves. Over the years I've managed to accumulate a fairly well stocked tool box. Working on old British, modern Japanese, and medium aged domestic cars has necessitated some of this. Each of these vehicles uses different types of nuts and bolts. The older British use Whitworth, the Japanese and modern European use metric, and the domestic use standard and metric. As a young buck of 18, I started with a small tool box (a Craftsman box with a lift out tray) and as I grew older, my requirements for a tool box grew. Today I have 5 of them filled with various tools. Instead of sending your car out to have it worked on, you can save a lot of money by doing a lot of the work yourself and purchase the tools as the jobs require them. You say you don't know how to repair a car. The amount of information required to understand all the parts that make up a car is overwhelming for a new comer. To help you learn, start by learning the systems, ie. basic electricity the starting system, the ignition system, the charging system, the braking system, the cooling system, etc. Once you learn the various systems, you can learn more about each of the parts that makes up that system. You will find that once broken down, it is fairly simple. The older cars (pre 1980) are easier to work on then the new ones due to all the electronics and computers in the newer cars. You can learn how the systems work, how to troubleshoot various problems, and how to work on your car gradually by reading the technical articles published in club newsletters, surfing the internet, by talking with people who do their own work, and by getting friends to teach you what you need to know, or finding articles on the web. Just like acquiring the knowledge, you can build your tool collection gradually. Tools make great presents! If you need the tool for a particular job, buy it, and consider it part of the cost of the repair. The first time you do something it may cost about the same as having a shop do the job because you had to buy some tools. But from then on, you'll have the tool, and next time you use the tool, it will be making you money! There is an old adage "You get what you pay for". This is especially true with tools. As a rule it doesn't pay to buy cheap tools, however, you don't have to spend an arm and a leg for professional tools either (unless you happen to be a professional mechanic). Most of my hand tools are Craftsman. Craftsman tools are moderately expensive, but the quality is pretty good, Sears is convenient, the life time guarantee is great and I have a Sears charge card!. I broke 3 pairs of diagonal cutters restoring my 65 Morgan, and they replaced them free. One of the nicest parts about Sears is they don't require you to produce the receipt. (Of course I have the receipt for the 1/2" socket set I got when I was 21 - 36 years ago.) Many of the local auto parts stores will require a receipt if you try to bring back a tool that has a life time warrantee. Besides Craftsman, some other good manufacturers of tools are: Husky, and Stanley. To get started, the first thing you will NEED, is a tool box! This is the one thing I hate to spend money on. They can get quite expensive and it seems to be such a waste to spend all that money ($600 is not unusual) on just a box to put your tools in! If you really plan on playing with and or restoring a car, you will eventually end up with a something like a roll around tool box with a upper and lower box. The upper tool box should have at least 4 drawers (preferably more) and a roll around lower c cabinet with at least 2 drawers. Sears has a good selection and locally CostCo has had a GREAT deal on a very large roll around tool box for about $600. You can start smaller with smaller ones. My first tool box cost me $35 from Sears 40 years ago. Here again, start with something small, or inexpensive, and work your way up. Filling the drawers ends up being very easy. Tool boxes are like computer memory and disk space, there is never enough room. The first tool I bought, back in 1966, was a 3/8" drive socket set. I still have it and all the pieces. It cost $20, which took me almost a month to save, as I was working a part time job, 20 hr a week, and only making about $1.10 per hour. This is probably the most used tool I own, followed closely by my wrenches. It's a toss up as to which to buy first - a socket set or a set of wrenches. For those newcomers who don't know what the 3/8" drive means, it the size of the square shaft that will fit into the socket.) Socket sets come in various "sizes" 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 3/4" and 1" drive. The bigger the drive, the larger/longer the handles of the ratchets and flex handles, consequently the more torque you can apply. The reason I prefer the 3/8" drive socket set, is I don't get enough torque to break bolts when trying to tighten or loosen them. If I can't unscrew a nut and bolt with the 3/8" drive, then I get the 1/2" drive tools or the air impact tools. Socket Sets A socket set consists of a collection of sockets - the sizes and number vary depending on the size and cost of the socket set. In addition to the sockets, you want to look for the following accessories in the set: 1. A ratchet - a handle that attaches to the sockets and allows you to turn the socket some, then back up and turn some more. These are very useful in tight spaces where you cannot turn the handle a complete turn (360 degrees). The new ratchets have a button on the top of the ratchet head that releases the hold on the socket. This is fantastic when you hands are oily or greasy. With my old 3/8" drive ratchet (purchased back in about 1968, I have to use a screwdriver to pry a socket of the ratchet when my hands are slippery.) 2. A couple of extensions - these are just bars that fit between the sockets and the ratchet and come in many different lengths and drive sizes. These allow you to get move the ratchet further away from the nut or bolt so you have room to work. 3. There may be a universal joint - this attaches between the socket and extension bar and gives the extension some flexibility. This allows you to get at the nut or bolt at an angle and not just straight on. The come for all drive sizes. 4. A flex handle or tommy bar - a handle longer than the ratchet gives more leverage, but it will not allow you to back up unless you remove and rotate the socket. These are used when you need more torque to undo a nut or bolt. (The principle here is - the longer a lever is the less effort you have to exert to move something.) I suggest the first socket set you purchase be the 3/8" drive (either standard, metric or both depending on the cars you play with). I find myself using this set more than the others for 2 reasons: first the 3/8" drive tools fit in many places the 1/2" drive socket will not fit; because the walls of the sockets are thinner, and the sockets, ratchets, and tommy bars are not as big as the 1/2" drive. Secondly, the ratchet and tommy bars are shorter than those for a 1/2" drive set, consequently you develop less torque and are less likely to break or strip a nut or bolt. In addition to the drive size, sockets come in "regular" - 12 point and 6 point. The impact sockets are 6 point so they have a better grip of the bolt or nut, and consequently you can apply more torque to the nut or bolt without rounding off the corners. Sockets also come in different lengths, "shallow" and "deep". Again I would suggest that your start with a 3/8" drive socket set first, then a 1/4" drive, and finally a 1/2" drive set. Sears now has a "big" set (in the folding case) that includes 1/4", 3/8", and 1/2" sockets and accessories. Once you purchase a "socket set" you can then purchase additional sockets (deep dish, impact, Metric, etc) as needed. This is why I know have about 10 sets of sockets, 1/4" regular length SAE, regular length Metric, deep dish, a 3/8" regular length SAE and Metric, a 1/2" regular and Metric, 1/2" regular SAE and Metric impact, and 1/2" deep dish SAE and Metric. Boy sure is a lot of sockets! Wrenches As with the socket sets, you will need several sets of wrenches, and they come in SAE and Metric. There are 3 basic types of wrenches: open end wrenches - both ends of the wrench are open, like a U. Once the nut/bolt has been broken loose, you use an open end wrench as it is easier to get on and off the nut as you need to reposition the wrench in tight places. For undoing old, rusted nuts and bolts, you want to grip the entire head of the nut and bolt to prevent rounding the corners off of either the nut or bolt. Therefore, you should use either a box end, the box end of a combo wrench, or a socket. box end wrenches - both ends of the wrench are closed. combination wrenches - one end of the wrench is open and the other end is a box end. You will need several sets of wrenches, at least one of each - open end, box end, and combination. Then duplicate that in Metric. Why so many different sets of wrenches? For starters, many times you'll need 2 wrenches, one to hold the bolt and one for the nut. Most ordinary people (but not us "car" people) use an adjustable wrench for undoing just about everything. Screwdrivers The next most used item will be your screwdrivers. A set will consist of different size screwdrivers and different types. A good set of screwdrivers can usually be had for between $20 and $40. There are 4 basic types. The flat blade screwdriver for the usual slotted screws. A Phillips head and Reed & Prince head for screws with the X slots in them. And the Torx tip. This is like a star, a round hole with five finger point out. When you get a new flat blade screwdriver, look at the blade. You will notice that the end of the blade is nice and flat, a uniform width, and the corners are sharp. As you use the screwdriver, the blade will suffer, the corners will be come rounded, the end of the blade will get thinner or even chipped. These changes cause the screwdriver not to hold in a screw's slot. You can fix this by lightly grinding the blade, to flatten the end, and square up the corners. Also look at the Phillips and Reed & Prince tips. You will notice that the flutes, 4 sides are nice and straight. As the screwdriver slips in screws, it will gouge out a section of the sides and you will notice an imaginary ring around the point. When this happens the screwdriver is done for. It will continue to slip out of screws. You can try to gently grind the 4 sides flat, and you will probably have to take a little off the very tip. But you need to be thinking about getting a new screwdriver. I prefer the screwdrivers that have the square shafts. When trying to free a really tight screw, a wrench can be attached to the square shaft to give you more leverage. There is also a manual impact screwdriver. This is used to loosen very tight screws, nuts or bolts by hitting the top of the impact handle with a hammer. The shock from the hammer blow and the twisting motion help undo the screw, nut or bolt. If anyone is still a hold out and hasn't bought a cordless screwdriver you ought to be committed. These are the greatest thing since sliced bread (I bet you thought I was going to say sex)! I've gone through 3 of them. I had one of the inexpensive inline ones (about $20) by Skill. (Inline means that it is one straight line, like a screwdriver and not like a drill.) I used it to disassemble my 65 Morgan when I restored it. While it worked all right, I really didn't like it that much. By the time the car was torn down, the screwdriver had had it. While the batteries are rechargeable, they are NOT replaceable. The next one I purchased was the large inline Craftsman (about $40) with a clutch. This one really got a work out when I was reassembling the Morgan. Again the batteries were rechargeable but not replaceable. General tools Now for those tool that no real mechanic should ever use, but always does, the adjustable crescent wrenches. Notice the plural wrenches, there are at least 4 generally used sizes: 4", 6", 8" and a 12". The size here means the length of the wrench. As the length increases so does the width of the jaws - meaning they will fit a larger nut or bolt and you can apply more torque, which means the wrench is more likely to slip off the nut or bolt and round the edges. Making it harder to remove. That is why you shouldn't use these. But every one does. And face it, we're all lazy. It's just easier to grab a one-size-fits-all instead of a handful of wrenches looking for the correct size. In the general category of pliers, there are several different types: slip joint pliers, Tongue and Groove (commonly referred to as channel lock) pliers, long or needle nose and diagonal cutters (usually called dikes - for short). These can be purchased individually or in sets. The sets will include several different types and/or sizes. It should be obvious that the smaller the pliers, the smaller the job they were meant to work on. The slip joint and tongue and grove pliers are usually used for clamping, or holding a nut, bolt, or shaft/pipe. I usually use them to compress the spring clip type hose clamps or holding a piece of metal while trying to drill a hole into it. While not the most used tool, they come in very handy. The dikes are for cutting wire. A must for working on cars. The larger the dikes, the larger wire it can cut. Don't try to cut a large diameter wire with a small set of dikes. The smaller dikes are for 18 gauge and higher - more electronics than electrical work. Long or needle nose pliers are used when you need to hold something but can't get to it with anything else, or for trying to get into the little crevice to get the nut or bolt you just dropped. The lineman's pliers are for doing electrical work, more house hold wiring than automotive. The last type of pliers is in a class all by itself, the locking pliers or Vise Grips are a must. They have a hundred uses from holding something in place, undoing a nut or bolt after the head has been rounded, to helping keep a flare wrench from opening and slipping on a bolt. These also come in various sizes and styles (flat jawed, curved jaw, etc.) including long nose and many specialty uses for body work, and welding. We have not been through the basic tools, and we'll move on to a few more general tools to help fill that tool box. An awl - a sharp metal rod with a handle. These are used to scratch metal to mark where something was positioned or to lay out a pattern on a piece of metal for cutting. They also work well for trying to poke a hole in something like a gasket, or carpet, and are very useful when trying to align several pieces to put a bolt into. (Note: for aligning holes you can also use a Phillips head screwdriver or a punch.) A center punch - is a short, sharp metal rod used to make a dimple in a piece of metal to hold a drill bit in place when starting to drill a hole in a piece of metal or wood. Center punches come in manual - you hit the with a hammer, or automatic - you simply push on them, they have an internal hammer.) An Inspection mirror - a mirror on a stick, used for seeing in tight places or behind things. Hammers come in all shapes and sizes for different work. Most people are familiar with the Claw hammer. It has a round head on one side, for hitting nails, and two claws on the other end, for pulling nails. This is basically used in carpentry. However, for automotive work you'll want a ball pein hammer - it has a round head on one side for hitting things, and 1/2 a ball on the other. This is used to peen (bend) over threads on a bolt to keep their nuts from coming off. They are also used to make gaskets. Placing the gasket material on the part, you can gently hit the gasket material at edge of the item to cut the gasket material. You can also press the ball end into the gasket material at a hole to cut the hole out. I use a ball pein hammer for anything I need a hammer for working on the car. The claw hammer is for wood work. Something that everyone should have is a tap and die set. A tap is a rod or shaft used for cutting new or cleaning threads in a nut. A die is a disk with a hole in it and is used for cutting new or cleaning threads on a bolt. Anytime a nut and/or bolt is removed from a car (or anything for that matter), it should be oiled and have the threads chased (cleaned). When they get put back, they will work very easy and the next time they must be removed it will be a lot easier, which makes it a pleasure to work on something. No more busted knuckles. A good set of taps and dies are quite expensive and a cheap set can be more expensive if the tap breaks off in an engine block. I suggest purchasing quality taps and dies one at a time, when you need it. Every time I need a new tap or die, I go purchase both the tap and the die. While their cost varies with their size an average of $5.00 to $8.00 each is to be expected. This may cost more if I were to buy a complete set, but I only have the ones I use. Taps and Dies come in SAE and Metric, so you will need an assortment of both. To find out the diameter of a nut or bolt, or to find how thick a piece of metal is, you will need a micrometer and or a caliper and a thread pitch gauge to determine the thread size of a bolt. The micrometerr looks like a small "C" clamp, but the shaft is measured in 1/1000" of an inch and is used to measure the diameter of the bolt.(Note: a local fastener store - Tidewater Industrial Fasteners Corporation; has a great pair of gauges they sell for about $2 ea. You can probably order these gauges from Tidewater Industrial Fasteners, or check your area and see if any of the local fastener shops have something like these. They have a ruler for measuring the length of a bolt, holes to measure the bolts diameter, and stalks to measure the diameter of nuts. They also have a Metric gauge that includes a pitch gauge. These are great! I have a couple of each so I can always get my hands on one.) The caliper can be used to measure outside or inside diameters and depth of a hole. I'm fortunate in that Harbor Freight has a local store. They have a plastic caliper (not digital) that sells for about $2. I have several of these and grab for them most of the time I want a rough measurement like a bolt diameter. A thread pitch gauge looks like a collection of tiny saws. Each metal blade has a different number of teeth per inch. Simply lay each blade on the nut or bolt until the teeth match. Now that we can undo a nut and bolt (with the sockets and wrenches), clean then with a tap and die, and check it's sizes with a micrometer and a thread pitch gauge, there is two thing left to worry about. One is a bolt that has been broken off, the other is a bolt that has been rounded off. To get a broken bolt out will require using a electric drill, some bits, and a set of EZ outs or screw extractors. These items are used to help remove a screw after the head has been broken off. The extractor has a very course reversed thread. To use them, you drill a hole in what is left of the bolt or screw, and push the extractor into the hole. Then put a wrench on the end and try to unscrew the bolt. (This doesn't always work) Be very careful using an extractor, if it breaks off in the screw, it is much harder to drill out. There is also a set of reverse twist drill bits that you can buy. These are a good thing to have. If you are going to use an EZ out, drill the pilot hole with the reverse twist drill. Sometimes, this is enough to remove the broken shaft of the bolt. Removing a nut or bolt that has become rounded off (so a wrench or socket won't work) has also been the job of EZ outs. However, recently there is a new tool on the market, the Bolt outs. They are like sockets except that the have reverse flutes inside of the points. So as you try to remove the nut or bolt, the flutes dig in and allows the nut/bolt to be removed. A few more items should also be in the tool box, a pair of scissors, a razor blade knife (packing box knife), a pen knife, a hack saw and blades for cutting off bolts, a set of Allen wrenches, several putty knives, a wire brush, and a wire brush disk for an electric drill, a couple of chisels (1/4" and 1/2"), a battery terminal cleaner, and a pair of dividers will all come in handy. And there are several tools for working on a car's battery. The Battery Post Puller for pulling the electrical connector off the battery post. Once the connector is off the terminal, a Battery Post Cleaner is used to clean both the inside of the connector, and the outside of the battery terminal. In many cases, the connector is too tight to fit over the battery terminal so there is a Battery Terminal Spreader to open the connector so it will fit over the battery terminal. This is a very good start on the general hand tools for working on a car. Now for 2 life savers (literally). While they don't exactly fit in the tool box, they sure make life in the garage a lot easier and safer. A good 1-1/2 to 2 ton floor jack is a necessity and they run between $80 and $100. I know a lot of people that have purchased the cheap (under $40) jacks with the handles that you have to move between 2 spots to jack or release the jack. They are all right for occasional use and to throw in the back of a truck, but they just don't make it around the garage. They don't have the height and they are a pain to use. The other item is a couple of pairs of heavy duty jack stands. These two items making getting a car off the ground a breeze and safe. I know of several people who have been killed working under a car that was supported by cinder blocks. The cinder blocks collapsed and the people were crushed. So please, if you are going under a car, think safety! The heavier the vehicle the stronger the set of jack stands must be. I might be getting paranoid but when I put a car on jack stands, I try to keep the floor jack under the car also. Speaking of safety, when I was younger I never thought about much about safety. But as I get older I got smarter. So a few additional safety items that should be in the shop are: When using air tools like either an inline or Dual Action (DA) sander, grinding or such, you should wear some Hearing Protectors or Mickey mouse ears. Don't ever touch a high speed grinder with out leather work gloves. I have used a grinder or wire wheel without gloves and I have the scars to prove it. So be sure to use heavy gloves when working with sheet metal or tools like grinders. I've worn glasses all my life and have taken eye protection for granted. You slide under a car and get all kinds of junk dropped on your face. My glasses protected my eyes from this stuff. But one day I was grinding on some metal and the wind changed direction and blew the metal filings around behind my glasses. I spent several hours at the doctors having him pick the pieces out of my eyes. So please wear some eye protection. So thinking safety, we've taken care of you hand, eyes and hearing. But what about your lungs? If you sand blast, grind metal, sand bondo or fiberglass, paint, or wire brush rust off of parts, you should wear a respirator. Here are a couple more items that don't really fit in the tool box but are great to have on hand in your garage. A trouble or drop light - preferably with the reel retractor for the cord. I haven't used one of the fluorescent ones, but they are worth looking at. The standard incandescent ones give off a lot of heat. The one thing you don't really need on a hot summer day. I've been using flashlights more and more to cut down on he heat. An extension cord, and a shop vacuum are almost necessities. Electric drills: You will probably want at least 2 electric drills. One should be a cordless, the other corded. There are some jobs that the cordless just will not really cut it at. For instance trying to use a wire wheel to clean parts. Yes you can chuck up a wire wheel in the cordless drill, but how long will the battery last? This is where a corded drill pays off. I've been through several cordless screwdrivers and cordless drills. First let me caution you about the cordless tools, that have self contained batteries. While they are rechargeable, when the battery dies, you may as well through the tool away. Not to mention that when the battery dies, you will have to wait for it to recharge, instead of putting in a backup battery and continuing with you job. After several of the non-replaceable battery drills and screwdrivers, I finally broke down and bought a 9V Makita 3/8" variable speed with a 2 speed transmission, keyless chuck, and reversible. It came with a recharger and only 1 battery for about $60 and an extra battery was about $35. I've had it for about 10 years now and have purchased a total of 2 additional batteries. I like it as it has enough power for most of the tasks I give it and it's not that heavy. Since I purchased it, manufacturers have been upping the battery voltage which usually means the drill has more power. The down side is they weigh more and the batteries are more expensive. Look around for a set that offer 2 batteries. You'll find that when it comes time to replace the batteries, you can probably buy another complete set cheaper than you can buy 2 new batteries. Hold the drill for a while to see if it gets too heavy. I find that the 9V Makita is just about perfect. When I buy my next one, I don't think I'll go up to a 14V one as they are just a little too heavy for me. s. Also a corded 3/8" Variable Speed Reversible (VSR) electric drill is essential ($40 up), especially when the batteries for the cordless drill are dead. I have several corded drills, a couple of inexpensive ones and a moderately priced DeWalt. Besides being used to drill holes or drive screws, the drills can be used with a wire wheel to help clean grease, dirt, and rust off of parts. While this doesn't fit into the "tool box" a drill press is nice to have, but they are relatively expensive ($125 up). An interim solution is to purchase drill press stand for your 3/8 drill for under $50. While it is not as good as a drill press, it does help fill the void. This is all I had for years! Continue on to Part 2 - Diagnostic and specialty tools Return to the Index of Tech. articles To email me with comments or questions.